01-01
Identify Relative Clauses
识别定语从句💡 概念 Concept
A relative clause is a group of words that describes a noun. The noun it describes is called the antecedent. The clause usually starts with a relative word: who, which, that, whose, where, when, why.定语从句是修饰名词的从句，被修饰的名词叫先行词。从句通常以关系词开头：who、which、that、whose、where、when、why。
📐 规则 Rules
位置
The clause comes right after the noun it describes.
从句紧跟在它所修饰的名词后面。
先行词
Find the noun first, then the clause that explains it.
先找名词，再找解释它的从句。
关系词
The relative word links the clause back to the noun.
关系词把从句和名词连接起来。
✏️ 例句 Examples
The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
住在隔壁的那位女士是医生。
I read the book that you recommended.
我读了你推荐的那本书。
This is the café where we first met.
这是我们初次见面的那家咖啡馆。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ The book is on the table is mine. → Missing relative word: The book that is on the table is mine.❌ 缺少关系词。应说 The book that is on the table is mine.（桌上的那本书是我的。）
❌ I know the man which lives here. → People need who, not which.❌ 指人用 who，不用 which。
01-02
Subject Relatives
主语关系词💡 概念 Concept
who and that refer to people; which and that refer to things. When the relative pronoun is the subject of its clause, it can never be omitted.who/that 指人，which/that 指物。关系代词在从句中作主语时绝不可省略。
📐 规则 Rules
人
who / that + verb → The girl who sings well is my friend.
who/that + 动词 → 唱歌唱得好的那个女孩是我朋友。
物
which / that + verb → The phone which costs $500 is new.
which/that + 动词 → 那部价值 500 美元的手机是新的。
动词一致
The verb agrees with the antecedent: The man who lives here (singular).
谓语动词与先行词保持一致（单复数）。
✏️ 例句 Examples
The student who won the prize is my classmate.
获奖的那个学生是我的同学。
The train that leaves at 6 is always crowded.
六点出发的那班火车总是很挤。
People who exercise daily feel healthier.
每天锻炼的人感觉更健康。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ The woman who lives... → who is the subject, so it cannot be dropped.❌ who 在从句中作主语时不可省略。
❌ The dog which eat the food... → subject-verb agreement: which eats.❌ 注意主谓一致：which eats。
01-03
Object Relatives
宾语关系词💡 概念 Concept
When the relative pronoun is the object of the clause, it can be omitted in everyday English. whom is the formal object form for people.关系代词在从句中作宾语时，口语中常可省略。whom 是书面语中指人的宾格形式。
📐 规则 Rules
结构
noun + (who/whom/which/that) + subject + verb → The film (that) we watched was great.
名词 + (关系词) + 主语 + 动词 → 我们看的那部电影很棒。
省略
Object relatives can be left out in informal English.
宾语关系词在口语中可省略。
正式语
whom for people in formal writing: The man whom I met.
书面语指人用 whom：The man whom I met.
✏️ 例句 Examples
The book (that) she wrote became a bestseller.
她写的那本书成了畅销书。
The person (who) I called didn't answer.
我打电话的那个人没接。
The house (which) they bought is near the park.
他们买的房子在公园附近。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ The book that she wrote it became... → No double object: drop it.❌ 不要重复宾语：去掉 it。
❌ who in 'The man whom I met' in formal writing → whom is correct.❌ 正式文体中作宾语指人用 whom。
01-04
Subject vs Object
主语与宾语关系词💡 概念 Concept
Look at what follows the relative pronoun. If a verb follows → it is a subject relative (no omission). If a noun or pronoun follows → it is an object relative (omission allowed).看关系词后面的成分：后面是动词→主语关系词（不可省略）；后面是名词/代词→宾语关系词（可省略）。
📐 规则 Rules
主语从句
relative + verb → who lives (who = subject)
关系词 + 动词 → who lives（who 作主语）
宾语从句
relative + noun/pronoun + verb → who(m) I met (who = object)
关系词 + 名词/代词 + 动词 → whom I met（作宾语）
判定法
If you can drop the relative word, it is an object relative.
能省略的就是宾语关系词。
✏️ 例句 Examples
The man who called you is my boss. (subject — cannot drop who)
给你打电话的那个人是我老板。（主语，不可省略）
The man (who) you called is my boss. (object — can drop who)
你打电话给的那个人是我老板。（宾语，可省略）
The cake that smells great is chocolate. (subject)
闻起来很香的蛋糕是巧克力味的。（主语）
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ The man you called him is my boss. → Remove him: The man you called is my boss.❌ 画蛇添足加 him：直接 The man you called is my boss.
❌ Dropping a subject relative: The man called you is my boss → wrong.❌ 主语关系词不能省略：The man who called you...
01-05
Oblique Relatives
地点/时间/原因关系词💡 概念 Concept
where = place, when = time, why = reason. Prepositions can also sit before which/whom in formal style.where 表地点，when 表时间，why 表原因。正式语中介词可放在 which/whom 之前。
📐 规则 Rules
地点
place + where + clause → the town where I grew up
地点 + where → 我长大的小镇
时间
time + when + clause → the day when we met
时间 + when → 我们相遇的那天
原因
reason + why + clause → the reason why I left
原因 + why → 我离开的原因
介词+which
the table on which the book lay (formal) = the table (that) the book lay on
介词+which：the table on which...（正式）
✏️ 例句 Examples
This is the school where I studied English.
这是我学英语的学校。
Do you remember the day when we first met?
你还记得我们初次见面的那天吗？
That's the reason why she left early.
那就是她早退的原因。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ the place where I live in → where already means 'in which'; do not add in.❌ where 已含介词意义，不要重复加 in。
❌ the reason why because... → redundant; choose one.❌ why 与 because 重复，选其一。
01-06
Genitive Relatives
所有格关系词 whose💡 概念 Concept
whose shows possession and works for both people and things. It is followed directly by a noun.whose 表示所属关系，人和物都可用，后面直接跟名词。
📐 规则 Rules
人
person + whose + noun → the girl whose name I forgot
人 + whose + 名词 → 我忘了名字的那个女孩
物
thing + whose + noun → the car whose engine broke
物 + whose + 名词 → 发动机坏了的车
不可省略
whose can never be omitted.
whose 不可省略。
✏️ 例句 Examples
The writer whose books I love is coming to town.
作品我很喜欢的那个作家要来城里了。
We adopted a dog whose owner had moved away.
我们收养了一只主人已搬走的狗。
I know a family whose house is on the hill.
我认识一家住在山上的房子的人。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ the girl who name I forgot → use whose, not who.❌ 表所属要用 whose，不是 who。
❌ the book which cover is red → use whose: the book whose cover is red.❌ 物也用 whose：the book whose cover is red.
01-07
Restrictive vs Non-restrictive
限定性 vs 非限定性从句💡 概念 Concept
A restrictive clause is essential to identify the noun — no commas. A non-restrictive clause adds extra information — set off by commas, uses who/which (never that).限定性从句是确定名词所必需的信息，不加逗号；非限定性从句只是补充信息，用逗号隔开，用 who/which（不用 that）。
📐 规则 Rules
限定性
No commas, essential: My brother who lives in Beijing is a doctor. (I have more than one brother)
无逗号，必需信息：My brother who lives in Beijing...（暗示还有其他兄弟）
非限定性
Commas, extra info: My brother, who lives in Beijing, is a doctor. (I have one brother)
逗号隔开，补充信息：My brother, who lives in Beijing, ...（只有一位兄弟）
which 指整句
which can refer to the whole clause: He passed, which surprised me.
which 可指代整个句子：He passed, which surprised me.
禁止 that
that is never used in non-restrictive clauses.
非限定性从句中不用 that。
✏️ 例句 Examples
The students who study hard will pass. (restrictive — only those students)
用功学习的学生会通过。（限定）
The students, who study hard, will pass. (non-restrictive — all students)
学生们都会通过，他们都很用功。（非限定）
She missed the bus, which made her late.
她错过了公交车，这让她迟到了。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ My brother, that lives in Beijing → that is wrong in non-restrictive clauses.❌ 非限定性从句不能用 that。
❌ Adding a comma changes the meaning — be careful with punctuation.❌ 逗号的有无会改变句意，务必小心。
01-08
Production and Editing
综合运用与改错💡 概念 Concept
Combine two short sentences into one sentence with a relative clause; check for double subjects, missing relative words, and wrong relative pronouns.把两个短句合并成带定语从句的句子；检查双重主语、漏掉关系词、关系词误用等问题。
📐 规则 Rules
合并法
Find the shared noun → make it the antecedent → choose who/which/whose/where/when/why → place the clause right after it.
找共有名词→作为先行词→选关系词→从句紧跟其后。
检查
No double subject/object. Verb agrees with antecedent. Punctuation matches meaning.
无重复主语/宾语；主谓一致；标点与句意匹配。
✏️ 例句 Examples
I met a man. The man speaks five languages. → I met a man who speaks five languages.
我遇到一个会说五种语言的人。
This is the house. We lived in it for years. → This is the house (that) we lived in for years.
这是我们住了多年的房子。
She has a cat. Its eyes are green. → She has a cat whose eyes are green.
她有一只绿眼睛的猫。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ The man he speaks... → drop the extra pronoun.❌ 去掉多余的代词 he。
❌ I met a man speaks five languages → missing who.❌ 漏掉关系词 who。
PR
课堂练习 Practice
选自 GramLingo 题库Q1Which part is the relative clause?
The woman who called me is my manager.
点击选项上方文字已展开答案 · 正确答案由 GramLingo 题库提供
Q2The office ___ I work is downtown.
点击选项上方文字已展开答案 · 正确答案由 GramLingo 题库提供
Q3Fix: This is the hotel where I recommended it.
点击选项上方文字已展开答案 · 正确答案由 GramLingo 题库提供