11-01
Word Order
语序💡 概念 Concept
Standard English order: subject + verb + object (+ place + time). Adverbs of frequency go before the main verb.英语基本语序：主语 + 谓语 + 宾语（+ 地点 + 时间）。频率副词放在主要动词之前。
📐 规则 Rules
SVO
Subject + verb + object: She reads books.
主语 + 谓语 + 宾语：她读书。
时间地点
place before time: We met at the café yesterday.
地点在前，时间在后：我们昨天在咖啡馆见面。
频率副词
She always gets up early. / I have never seen it.
她总是早起。/ 我从未见过。
✏️ 例句 Examples
The students finished their homework quickly.
学生们很快完成了作业。
He usually walks to school.
他通常步行上学。
They visited the museum in Beijing last summer.
他们去年夏天参观了北京的博物馆。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ I every day drink coffee → I drink coffee every day.❌ 时间状语放句末或句首。
❌ She reads always books → She always reads books.❌ 频率副词在动词前。
11-02
Question Formation
疑问句构成💡 概念 Concept
Yes/no questions: auxiliary + subject + verb. Wh- questions: wh-word + auxiliary + subject + verb. With be, invert be and subject.一般疑问句：助动词 + 主语 + 谓语。特殊疑问句：疑问词 + 助动词 + 主语 + 谓语。be 动词直接与主语倒装。
📐 规则 Rules
一般疑问
Do you like tea? / Is she ready?
Do you like tea? / Is she ready?
特殊疑问
Where do you live? / What is your name?
Where do you live? / What is your name?
主语疑问
Who called you? (no auxiliary when who is the subject)
Who called you?（who 作主语时不加助动词）
✏️ 例句 Examples
Did you watch the match last night?
你昨晚看比赛了吗？
How often do you exercise?
你多久锻炼一次？
Who lives in that house?
谁住在那栋房子里？
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ You like tea? (informal) → standard: Do you like tea?❌ 标准疑问句要加助动词。
❌ Who did call you? → Who called you? (who is subject)❌ who 作主语时不加 did。
11-03
Negation
否定💡 概念 Concept
not goes after the auxiliary or be; negative adverbs include never, hardly, rarely; avoid double negatives in standard English.not 放在助动词或 be 之后；否定副词有 never、hardly、rarely；标准英语避免双重否定。
📐 规则 Rules
not 位置
I am not tired. / She does not work here.
I am not tired. / She does not work here.
否定副词
I never eat meat. / She rarely calls.
I never eat meat. / She rarely calls.
无双重否定
❌ I don't have no money → I don't have any money.
❌ 不能说 I don't have no money。
✏️ 例句 Examples
He hasn't finished his work yet.
他还没完成工作。
We hardly ever eat out.
我们几乎从不下馆子。
Nobody answered the phone.
没有人接电话。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ I don't want nothing → I don't want anything.❌ 避免双重否定。
❌ She doesn't likes → doesn't + base: She doesn't like.❌ doesn't 后接原形。
11-04
Clause Types
从句类型💡 概念 Concept
A main clause can stand alone; a subordinate clause cannot. Coordinate clauses are joined by and/but/or. Subordinate clauses start with because, when, if, although...主句可独立成句；从句不能。并列句用 and/but/or 连接；从句以 because、when、if、although 等开头。
📐 规则 Rules
主句
main clause: She left. (complete)
主句：She left. 她离开了。（完整）
从句
subordinate: because she was tired. (incomplete alone)
从句：因为她累了。（不能单独成句）
并列句
coordinate: She left, but he stayed.
并列句：她走了，但他留下了。
✏️ 例句 Examples
When the rain stopped, we went out.
雨停后我们出去了。
He stayed home because he was sick.
他因为生病待在家里。
I called her, but she didn't answer.
我给她打了电话，但她没接。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ Because he was sick. (fragment) → join to a main clause.❌ 从句不能单独成句。
❌ Joining two main clauses with only a comma → run-on.❌ 两个主句不能只用逗号连接。
11-05
Cleft Sentences
强调句💡 概念 Concept
Cleft sentences emphasize one part: It is/was + emphasized part + that/who...; What + subject + verb + is/was + emphasized part.强调句突出某一部分：It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who...；What + 主语 + 谓语 + is/was + 被强调部分。
📐 规则 Rules
It is...that
It was Tom who called you.
是汤姆给你打了电话。
What...is
What I need is a break.
我需要的是休息。
用途
Adds focus in speaking and writing.
口语与写作中增加焦点。
✏️ 例句 Examples
It is English that she loves most.
她最爱的是英语。
What surprised me was his calmness.
让我惊讶的是他的冷静。
It was in Shanghai that we first met.
我们是在上海初次相遇的。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ It was Tom which called → people take who/that.❌ 指人用 who/that。
❌ What I need is a break — not 'What do I need is' (no do).❌ What 从句不用助动词倒装。
11-06
Fragments and Run-ons
残缺句与流水句💡 概念 Concept
A fragment is an incomplete sentence missing a subject or verb. A run-on joins two sentences without proper punctuation. Fix both by adding or splitting.残缺句缺少主语或谓语；流水句没有正确标点就连接两个句子。通过补充或拆分来修复。
📐 规则 Rules
残缺句
❌ Because I was late. → I was late, so I missed the bus.
❌ 残缺：Because I was late. 要补主句。
流水句
❌ I was late I missed the bus → I was late, so I missed the bus.
❌ 流水句要加标点或连词。
修复法
Add the missing part, or split into two sentences with punctuation.
补充缺失部分，或用标点拆分。
✏️ 例句 Examples
❌ The dog barking all night. → The dog was barking all night.
❌ 缺谓语：加 was。
❌ She loves music she plays piano. → She loves music, and she plays piano.
❌ 流水句：加 and。
✔ After the meeting, we went for coffee.
✔ 会后我们去喝了咖啡。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ Fragment: Walking to school. → She was walking to school.❌ 缺主语或谓语。
❌ Run-on without any punctuation: He came he left.❌ 两个句子要连接或拆开。
11-07
Parallel Structure
平行结构💡 概念 Concept
Items in a list or pair must have the same grammatical form: verb + verb, noun + noun, -ing + -ing.并列项语法形式必须一致：动词对动词、名词对名词、-ing 对 -ing。
📐 规则 Rules
一致形式
She likes reading, writing, and painting.
她喜欢阅读、写作和绘画。（都是 -ing）
错误示例
❌ She likes reading, to write, and painting.
❌ 形式混杂：reading、to write、painting。
成对结构
not only...but also, either...or keep the same form on both sides.
not only...but also、either...or 两边形式一致。
✏️ 例句 Examples
He is smart, kind, and funny.
他聪明、善良又风趣。（都是形容词）
She enjoys swimming and hiking.
她喜欢游泳和远足。
We decided to save money and to travel less.
我们决定省钱，少旅行。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ I like cooking, to read, and swim → keep all -ing.❌ 列表项形式要统一。
❌ She is both smart and works hard → both + adj + and + verb phrase (unbalanced).❌ 并列结构要对称。
11-08
Production and Editing
综合运用与改错💡 概念 Concept
Edit for sentence quality: check every sentence has a subject and verb, correct word order, no fragments or run-ons, and parallel lists.修改句子质量：检查每句有主有谓、语序正确、无残缺句或流水句、列表平行。
📐 规则 Rules
五项检查
subject? verb? order? punctuation? parallel?
主语？谓语？语序？标点？平行？
一个句子一个焦点
One main idea per sentence; split long chains.
一句一个重点，长链要拆分。
✏️ 例句 Examples
❌ He go to school every day. → He goes to school every day.
❌ 主谓一致：goes。
❌ Because it was raining. → Because it was raining, we stayed inside.
❌ 残缺句：补主句。
✔ She speaks English fluently and writes clearly.
✔ 平行结构：speaks...writes。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ I am agree → I agree.❌ agree 是动词，不加 am。
❌ There is many people → There are many people.❌ there be 与主语一致。
PR
课堂练习 Practice
选自 GramLingo 题库Q1Choose the correct word order:
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Q2___ was John ___ broke the window.
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Q3Choose the best combined sentence: "The man is my neighbor. He is wearing a hat."
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