06-01
Reported Statements
转述陈述句💡 概念 Concept
When reporting, move tenses back one step (backshift) and change pronouns to match the speaker's perspective.转述时把时态后退一步（backshift），并把代词改为符合说话人视角的形式。
📐 规则 Rules
时态后退
present → past: 'I am tired' → She said she was tired.
现在 → 过去：她说她累了。
过去完成不变
past perfect stays: 'I had seen it' → She said she had seen it.
过去完成时不变。
代词变化
I/we → he/she/they; my → his/her; you → I/we.
I/we 变 he/she/they；my 变 his/her；you 变 I/we。
✏️ 例句 Examples
He said, 'I love this city.' → He said he loved that city.
他说他喜欢那座城市。
'We are leaving now,' she said. → She said they were leaving then.
她说他们当时正要离开。
'I have finished,' Tom said. → Tom said he had finished.
汤姆说他已完成。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ She said she is tired (no backshift when reporting past) → was tired.❌ 转述过去的话要后退时态。
❌ Forgetting pronoun changes: 'I' in reported speech is not always I.❌ 代词要随视角变化。
06-02
Reported Questions
转述疑问句💡 概念 Concept
Reported questions use statement word order (no inversion) and no question mark. Yes/no questions use if or whether.转述疑问句用陈述语序（不倒装），句末不用问号。一般疑问句用 if 或 whether。
📐 规则 Rules
一般疑问
if/whether + statement order: 'Are you ready?' → He asked if I was ready.
if/whether + 陈述语序：他问我是否准备好了。
特殊疑问
wh-word + statement order: 'Where do you live?' → She asked where I lived.
疑问词 + 陈述语序：她问我住在哪里。
无问号
Reported questions end with a period.
转述疑问句以句号结尾。
✏️ 例句 Examples
'Do you like tea?' → She asked if I liked tea.
她问我是否喜欢茶。
'What time is it?' → He asked what time it was.
他问几点了。
'Can you help me?' → They asked whether I could help them.
他们问我能否帮忙。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ He asked where did I live → no inversion: where I lived.❌ 转述疑问不倒装。
❌ She asked do you like tea → keep original words; use if + past.❌ 不要照抄原问句结构。
06-03
Reported Commands
转述命令💡 概念 Concept
Commands and requests become tell/ask + object + to-infinitive. Negative commands use not to.命令与请求变为 tell/ask + 宾语 + to 不定式。否定命令用 not to。
📐 规则 Rules
肯定
'Sit down!' → He told me to sit down.
他让我坐下。
否定
'Don't talk!' → She told us not to talk.
她叫我们不要说话。
请求
ask for polite requests: 'Please wait' → He asked me to wait.
礼貌请求用 ask。
✏️ 例句 Examples
'Open the window,' she said. → She told me to open the window.
她叫我把窗户打开。
'Don't be late!' → The teacher told us not to be late.
老师叫我们不要迟到。
'Please help me,' he said. → He asked me to help him.
他请我帮忙。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ He said me to sit down → say takes no object; use told me.❌ say 后不加宾语，用 told me。
❌ She told to sit down → need object: told me/him/us to sit.❌ tell 后必须接宾语。
06-04
Time and Place Shifts
时间与地点转换💡 概念 Concept
When reporting, shift time and place words: now → then, today → that day, here → there, tomorrow → the next day, yesterday → the day before.转述时转换时间地点词：now → then、today → that day、here → there、tomorrow → the next day、yesterday → the day before。
📐 规则 Rules
时间词
now→then; today→that day; tomorrow→the next day; yesterday→the day before; ago→before.
now→then；today→that day；tomorrow→the next day；yesterday→the day before；ago→before。
地点词
here→there; this→that; these→those.
here→there；this→that；these→those。
✏️ 例句 Examples
'I will come here tomorrow.' → He said he would come there the next day.
他说他第二天会去那里。
'We met here yesterday.' → She said they had met there the day before.
她说他们前一天在那里见过面。
'I am busy now.' → He said he was busy then.
他说他当时很忙。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ here stays here → shift to there.❌ here 要变 there。
❌ tomorrow stays tomorrow → the next day.❌ tomorrow 要变 the next day。
06-05
Reporting Verbs
转述动词💡 概念 Concept
Choose the reporting verb for the meaning: say/tell for statements, explain, admit, deny, suggest, promise, agree.按语义选转述动词：say/tell 表陈述，explain 解释、admit 承认、deny 否认、suggest 建议、promise 承诺、agree 同意。
📐 规则 Rules
say vs tell
say + (that) clause; tell + object + (that) clause: He said (that) he was tired. He told me (that) he was tired.
say + 从句；tell + 宾语 + 从句。
suggest
suggest + -ing or that-clause: She suggested going out.
suggest + -ing 或 that 从句：她建议出去。
deny/admit
deny/admit + -ing: He denied taking the money.
deny/admit + -ing：他否认拿了钱。
✏️ 例句 Examples
She explained that the shop was closed.
她解释说商店关门了。
He admitted making a mistake.
他承认犯了错误。
They promised to come early.
他们答应早点来。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ He said me... → say takes no object.❌ say 后面不能直接接宾语。
❌ She suggested me to go → suggest + going / that I go.❌ suggest 后不用 me to。
06-06
Tense Backshift Rules
时态后退规则💡 概念 Concept
Backshift is required after a past reporting verb, but optional when the reported fact is still true: 'I am hungry' → She said she was hungry (or is hungry if still true).转述动词是过去时时态通常后退；若事实仍然成立，可保留现在时。
📐 规则 Rules
必然后退
past reporting verb + past time: She said she was tired.
转述动词过去时 + 过去语境：必须后退。
可保留
still-true facts: He said the earth is round.
仍然成立的事实：他说地球是圆的。
不变
past perfect and would never backshift further.
过去完成时和 would 不再后退。
✏️ 例句 Examples
She said she worked in a bank. (backshift)
她说她在银行工作。
He said water boils at 100°C. (still true — present kept)
他说水在100°C沸腾。（仍成立，保留现在时）
They said they had already eaten.
他们说他们已经吃过了。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ She said she has been to Paris (no time reference) → had been when reporting past.❌ 转述过去时用过去完成。
❌ Backshifting universal truths is awkward: keep the present for facts.❌ 普遍真理可保留现在时。
06-07
Embedded Questions
嵌入式疑问句💡 概念 Concept
Polite questions embed a question inside a phrase: Do you know where...? Can you tell me when...? The embedded part keeps statement word order.礼貌问句把疑问嵌入短语：Do you know where...? Can you tell me when...? 嵌入部分用陈述语序。
📐 规则 Rules
结构
Do you know / Can you tell me + wh-word + statement order.
Do you know / Can you tell me + 疑问词 + 陈述语序。
无倒装
Do you know where the station is? (not where is the station)
不倒装：你知道车站在哪里吗？
✏️ 例句 Examples
Do you know where the station is?
你知道车站在哪里吗？
Can you tell me when the bus leaves?
你能告诉我公交车什么时候开吗？
I wonder if she is coming.
我想知道她是否要来。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ Do you know where is the station? → statement order: where the station is.❌ 嵌入疑问不倒装。
❌ Can you tell me what time does it start? → what time it starts.❌ 去掉助动词倒装。
06-08
Production and Editing
综合运用与改错💡 概念 Concept
Convert direct speech to reported speech in four steps: choose the reporting verb, add the object if needed, backshift the tense, shift pronouns and time/place words.直接引语转间接引语四步：选转述动词、按需加宾语、时态后退、转换代词与时间地点词。
📐 规则 Rules
四步法
1) reporting verb 2) object (for tell/ask) 3) backshift 4) shift pronouns + time/place.
1) 转述动词 2) 宾语（tell/ask）3) 时态后退 4) 代词与时间地点词转换。
检查
No inversion in reported questions; no question mark; no double that.
转述疑问不倒装、不用问号、不重复 that。
✏️ 例句 Examples
'I will call you tomorrow,' she said. → She said she would call me the next day.
她说她第二天会给我打电话。
'Where did you go?' → He asked where I had gone.
他问我去了哪里。
'Don't touch that!' → She told me not to touch it.
她叫我不许碰那个。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ She said she will call me tomorrow (no backshift) → would...the next day.❌ 时态与时间词都要转。
❌ He asked me that where I went → no that before wh-words.❌ wh- 疑问前不加 that。
PR
课堂练习 Practice
选自 GramLingo 题库Q1She said: "I am tired." -> She said that she ___ tired.
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Q2He said: "I am here now." -> He said he was there ___.
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Q3Convert: "Do not touch that!" he said. -> He told me ___.
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