05-01
Recognize Passive
识别被动语态💡 概念 Concept
Active: the subject does the action. Passive: the subject receives the action. Passive = be + past participle.主动：主语执行动作。被动：主语接受动作。被动 = be + 过去分词。
📐 规则 Rules
主动
subject + verb + object: The chef cooks the meal.
主语 + 动词 + 宾语：厨师做饭。
被动
subject + be + past participle (+ by agent): The meal is cooked by the chef.
主语 + be + 过去分词（+ by 施动者）：饭由厨师做。
检测
Can you ask 'who does it?' If the subject receives the action → passive.
主语是接受动作的一方→被动。
✏️ 例句 Examples
Active: The dog chased the cat.
主动：狗追猫。
Passive: The cat was chased by the dog.
被动：猫被狗追。
The window was broken last night.
窗户昨晚被打破了。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ The window was broken by someone — often better without by: The window was broken.❌ 不知道施动者时省略 by 短语。
❌ Confusing was broken (passive) with broke (active).❌ 分清主动与被动形式。
05-02
Form the Passive
被动语态的构成💡 概念 Concept
Move the object to subject position, change the verb to be + past participle, and optionally add by + original subject.把宾语移到主语位置，动词改为 be + 过去分词，可加 by + 原主语。
📐 规则 Rules
转换步骤
object → subject; verb → be (same tense) + pp; subject → by + subject.
宾语变主语；动词变 be（保持时态）+ 过去分词；原主语变 by 短语。
时态保持
The company builds phones. → Phones are built (by the company).
时态不变：公司生产手机。→ 手机被（公司）生产。
✏️ 例句 Examples
Active: They painted the house. → Passive: The house was painted.
他们粉刷了房子。→ 房子被粉刷了。
Active: She writes many emails. → Passive: Many emails are written.
她写很多邮件。→ 很多邮件被写。
Active: We will finish the project. → Passive: The project will be finished.
我们将完成项目。→ 项目将被完成。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ The house was paint → past participle: painted.❌ 用过去分词 painted。
❌ The house painted (no be) → need be: was painted.❌ 被动必须带 be。
05-03
With/Without Agent
施动者的取舍💡 概念 Concept
Include by + agent when it is important or surprising; omit it when it is unknown, obvious, or unimportant.施动者重要或出乎意料时保留 by 短语；不知道、显而易见或不重要时省略。
📐 规则 Rules
保留 by
important/surprising: This cake was baked by my grandmother.
重要/意外：这个蛋糕是我奶奶烤的。
省略 by
unknown/obvious: The road was repaired. (by someone)
未知/明显：这条路被修好了。
科学/报道
Passive without agent is common in science and news: The results were published.
科学与新闻常用无施动者被动：结果被发表了。
✏️ 例句 Examples
The song was written by a famous composer.
这首歌是一位著名作曲家写的。
English is spoken in many countries.
许多国家说英语。
The letters were delivered this morning.
信件今天早上被送达。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ The window was broken by the wind by the storm → one agent only.❌ 施动者只留一个。
❌ Overusing by people → usually dropped.❌ by people 通常省略。
05-04
Passive Across Tenses
被动语态与时态💡 概念 Concept
Change be to the right tense: is built (present), was built (past), will be built (future), has been built (perfect).把 be 换成相应时态：is built（现在）、was built（过去）、will be built（将来）、has been built（完成）。
📐 规则 Rules
现在
am/is/are + pp: Rice is grown here.
am/is/are + pp：这里种水稻。
过去
was/were + pp: The bridge was built in 1990.
was/were + pp：这座桥建于1990年。
将来/完成
will be + pp; have/has been + pp: The report will be finished. It has been checked.
will be + pp；have/has been + pp：报告将完成。已被检查。
✏️ 例句 Examples
The room is cleaned every day.
房间每天被打扫。
The film was shot in Tokyo.
这部电影是在东京拍摄的。
The tickets have been sold out.
票已售罄。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ The bridge was build → past participle: built.❌ 用过去分词 built。
❌ has been broke → has been broken.❌ 完成被动也用过去分词。
05-05
Passive with Modals
情态动词+被动💡 概念 Concept
modal + be + past participle: can be done, must be done, should be done.情态动词 + be + 过去分词：can be done、must be done、should be done。
📐 规则 Rules
结构
modal + be + pp: The work must be finished today.
情态动词 + be + pp：工作今天必须完成。
完成式
modal + have been + pp: The letter should have been sent.
情态动词 + have been + pp：信本应已寄出。
✏️ 例句 Examples
Rules can be changed.
规则可以改变。
Your homework must be handed in on time.
你的作业必须按时上交。
This medicine should be taken after meals.
这种药应在饭后服用。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ must done → must be done.❌ 情态动词被动要加 be。
❌ can be do → past participle: done.❌ 用过去分词。
05-06
Causative Forms
使役结构💡 概念 Concept
have/get + object + past participle = arrange for someone to do something: have my hair cut, get the car fixed.have/get + 宾语 + 过去分词 = 安排别人做事：have my hair cut（理发）、get the car fixed（修车）。
📐 规则 Rules
have + obj + pp
I had my phone repaired.
我请人修了手机。
get + obj + pp
She got the report translated.
她请人翻译了报告。
含义
You arrange it; someone else does it.
你安排，别人执行。
✏️ 例句 Examples
He had his car washed yesterday.
他昨天洗了车（请人洗）。
We are getting the house painted.
我们正在请人粉刷房子。
I need to have my eyes checked.
我需要检查眼睛。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ I had my hair cutted → irregular pp: cut.❌ cut 的过去分词还是 cut。
❌ I had my car wash → past participle: washed.❌ 用过去分词 washed。
05-07
Impersonal Passive
无人称被动💡 概念 Concept
It is said / believed / thought / known that... — used in news and formal writing to report opinions without naming the speaker.It is said/believed/thought/known that... — 用于新闻和正式文体，不指明说话人。
📐 规则 Rules
结构
It + be + pp + that + clause: It is said that he is rich.
It + be + pp + that + 从句：据说他很有钱。
变体
subject + be + pp + to: He is said to be rich.
主语 + be + pp + to：据说他很有钱。
✏️ 例句 Examples
It is believed that the company will grow.
人们相信公司会成长。
She is thought to be the best player.
人们认为她是最好的选手。
It was reported that the train was delayed.
据报道火车晚点了。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ It is said he is rich (informal) → keep that in formal writing.❌ 正式文体保留 that。
❌ It is say → past participle: said.❌ 用过去分词 said。
05-08
Production and Editing
综合运用与改错💡 概念 Concept
Rewrite active ↔ passive, keep the tense, keep the meaning, and choose the voice that fits the focus.主动与被动互转，保持时态与含义，按焦点选择语态。
📐 规则 Rules
主动转被动
object → subject; be + pp; optional by + doer.
宾语变主语；be + 过去分词；可加 by + 施动者。
被动转主动
by + doer becomes subject; verb returns to active form.
by 后施动者变主语；动词变回主动。
选语态
Focus on doer → active. Focus on result/object → passive.
强调施动者用主动；强调结果/对象用被动。
✏️ 例句 Examples
The chef prepares the menu. → The menu is prepared by the chef.
厨师准备菜单。→ 菜单由厨师准备。
The prizes were given by the mayor. → The mayor gave the prizes.
奖品由市长颁发。→ 市长颁发了奖品。
Mistakes were made. (focus on the mistake, not who made it)
犯了错误。（强调错误而非谁犯的）
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ The menu is prepared by the chef yesterday → tense shift; keep the time: was prepared.❌ 保持时态一致。
❌ Overusing passive makes writing weak — use active for clear actions.❌ 过度使用被动会使表达无力。
PR
课堂练习 Practice
选自 GramLingo 题库Q1Which sentence is passive?
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Q2When I arrived, the room ___.
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Q3Which is the correct passive form?
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