12-01
Emphasis
强调💡 概念 Concept
Emphasize with: fronting (move key words to the front), emphatic do (do/did + base), and cleft structures.强调手法：前置（把关键词移到句首）、强调 do（do/did + 原形）、强调句。
📐 规则 Rules
前置
Never have I seen such a view. / That I know for sure.
前置：我从未见过这样的景色。/ 这个我确定知道。
强调 do
I do like your idea. / She did call you.
强调 do：我确实喜欢你的主意。/ 她确实给你打了电话。
强调句
It was the price that surprised me.
是价格让我惊讶。
✏️ 例句 Examples
What really matters is your health.
真正重要的是你的健康。
He did finish the report on time.
他确实按时完成了报告。
Never in my life have I felt so happy.
我一生中从未如此快乐。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ Do I like your idea (question) vs I do like it (emphasis).❌ 注意语序：强调 do 不放句首。
❌ Overusing emphasis weakens writing — use it sparingly.❌ 强调要节制使用。
12-02
Inversion
倒装💡 概念 Concept
After negative or restrictive adverbs (never, rarely, hardly, not only, no sooner), the subject and auxiliary invert: Never have I... Conditionals can drop if with inversion: Had I known...否定或限制性副词（never、rarely、hardly、not only、no sooner）后主谓倒装：Never have I...；条件句可省略 if 用倒装：Had I known...
📐 规则 Rules
否定副词
Never have I seen that. / Rarely does she complain.
否定副词倒装：我从未见过。/ 她很少抱怨。
虚拟倒装
Had I known, I would have come. (= If I had known)
虚拟倒装：要是我知道，我就来了。
Not only...but
Not only did he apologize, but he also offered help.
Not only 倒装：他不仅道歉，还主动帮忙。
✏️ 例句 Examples
Hardly had we left when it started to rain.
我们刚离开就开始下雨了。
Never before had she felt so confident.
她从未如此自信。
Should you need help, please call me.
如果你需要帮助，请给我打电话。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ Never I have seen → inversion: Never have I seen.❌ 否定副词后要倒装。
❌ If I had known... would have come → with inversion: Had I known... (no if).❌ 倒装时去掉 if。
12-03
Substitution and Ellipsis
替代与省略💡 概念 Concept
Avoid repetition: so/not replace clauses (I think so), do so replaces a verb phrase, ellipsis leaves shared words out in the second half.避免重复：so/not 替代从句（I think so）、do so 替代动词短语、后半句省略共有词。
📐 规则 Rules
so/not
Will it rain? I hope not. / I think so.
so/not 替代：会下雨吗？我希望不会。/ 我想是的。
do so
She said she would call, and she did so.
do so 替代：她说会打电话，她也确实打了。
省略
I like tea and she (likes) coffee.
省略：我喜欢茶，她（喜欢）咖啡。
✏️ 例句 Examples
Are you coming? I believe so.
你来吗？我想是的。
He promised to help, and he did.
他答应帮忙，也确实帮了。
She sings better than anyone else (sings).
她比任何人都唱得好。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ I think yes (non-standard) → I think so.❌ 标准表达是 I think so。
❌ Over-ellipsis can confuse — keep enough context.❌ 省略过多会造成歧义。
12-04
Register
语域💡 概念 Concept
Formal writing prefers full forms, passive voice, and precise connectors; informal speech uses contractions, phrasal verbs, and simple connectors.正式写作用完整形式、被动语态和精确连接词；非正式口语用缩略形式、短语动词和简单连接词。
📐 规则 Rules
正式
The meeting has been postponed due to unforeseen circumstances.
正式：会议因不可预见的情况被推迟。
非正式
The meeting is put off because something came up.
非正式：会议推迟了，因为出了点事。
选择
Match the register to the audience: essays and emails to bosses = formal.
按受众选择：论文和给上司的邮件用正式语。
✏️ 例句 Examples
We regret to inform you that... (formal)
我们遗憾地通知您……（正式）
Sorry, but... (informal)
抱歉，不过……（非正式）
The experiment was conducted over three months. (formal)
实验历时三个月。（正式）
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ Using slang in academic writing weakens it.❌ 学术写作慎用俚语。
❌ Mixing registers in one document confuses readers.❌ 一篇文章内语域要统一。
12-05
Cohesion
衔接💡 概念 Concept
Cohesion ties sentences together: reference (it, they, this), substitution (so, one), discourse markers (however, therefore, in addition).衔接手段把句子串起来：指代（it、they、this）、替代（so、one）、话语标记（however、therefore、in addition）。
📐 规则 Rules
指代
The plan was good. However, it had one problem.
指代：计划很好，但它有一个问题。
替代
I wanted the blue one, not the red one.
替代：我要蓝色的那个，不是红色的。
话语标记
In addition, the cost is low. / Therefore, we agreed.
标记：此外，成本很低。/ 因此我们同意了。
✏️ 例句 Examples
The team trained hard. As a result, they won.
团队训练刻苦，结果他们赢了。
She offered a plan, and he accepted it.
她提出了一个计划，他接受了。
First, prepare the tools. Then, start the work.
首先准备工具，然后开始工作。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ Unclear it: The dog chased the cat. It was hungry. (which one?)❌ 指代不明会造成歧义。
❌ Overusing connectors makes writing mechanical.❌ 连接词过多会显得机械。
12-06
Nominalisation
名词化💡 概念 Concept
Turn verbs and adjectives into nouns: decide → decision, improve → improvement, important → importance. Common in academic and formal writing.把动词和形容词变成名词：decide → decision、improve → improvement、important → importance。常见于学术与正式写作。
📐 规则 Rules
转换
verb → noun: We decided → Our decision...
动词转名词：我们决定 → 我们的决定……
用途
compresses ideas and sounds formal: The improvement of service...
压缩表达、更正式：服务的改善……
✏️ 例句 Examples
Their arrival surprised everyone.
他们的到来让所有人惊讶。
The development of the city was rapid.
城市的发展非常迅速。
Her success came from hard work.
她的成功来自努力。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ Over-nominalisation makes sentences heavy: use verbs when clarity matters.❌ 名词化过度会让句子笨重。
❌ The decision was decided → redundant: The decision was made.❌ 避免同源重复。
12-07
Hedging and Stance
模糊限制与立场💡 概念 Concept
Hedging softens claims: seem, appear, tend to, it is likely that, may/might, arguably. Stance shows your position: clearly, surprisingly, importantly.模糊限制语软化断言：seem、appear、tend to、it is likely that、may/might、arguably。立场词表明态度：clearly、surprisingly、importantly。
📐 规则 Rules
模糊限制
It is likely that prices will rise.
价格可能会上涨。
委婉
This seems to be a good solution.
这似乎是一个好方案。
立场
Clearly, more research is needed.
显然，还需要更多研究。
✏️ 例句 Examples
The results appear to support the theory.
结果似乎支持这一理论。
There may be some risks involved.
可能涉及一些风险。
Interestingly, the opposite happened.
有趣的是，结果恰恰相反。
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ Hedging too much sounds weak: use strong verbs for real certainty.❌ 过度模糊会显得缺乏自信。
❌ Unhedged absolute claims in academic writing: 'This proves...' → 'This suggests...'.❌ 学术写作中绝对断言要软化。
12-08
Production and Editing
综合运用与改错💡 概念 Concept
Write with advanced grammar in context: add emphasis where needed, invert for style, nominalise for formality, hedge for accuracy, and keep cohesion.在语境中使用高级语法：需要强调处强调、为风格倒装、为正式名词化、为准确模糊化，并保持衔接。
📐 规则 Rules
风格匹配
Match advanced structures to the text type: essay → nominalisation + hedging; speech → emphasis + fronting.
高级结构要匹配文体：论文用名词化+模糊限制；演讲用强调+前置。
适度
Advanced grammar adds power only when used naturally.
高级语法只有用得自然才有力量。
✏️ 例句 Examples
Never have I seen such dedication. (inversion for emphasis)
我从未见过如此投入。（倒装强调）
The company's growth was remarkable. (nominalisation)
公司的增长非常显著。（名词化）
It could be argued that the benefits outweigh the costs. (hedging)
可以说利大于弊。（模糊限制）
⚠️ 常见错误 Common Mistakes
❌ Using inversion or cleft sentences in every sentence — too theatrical.❌ 每句都倒装会太戏剧化。
❌ Formal words in spoken chat sound unnatural — know your audience.❌ 口语中用太正式的词会不自然。
PR
课堂练习 Practice
选自 GramLingo 题库Q1Not only ___ the exam, but she also got the highest score.
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Q2Which is the most formal closing for a business email?
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Q3Choose the sentence with correct formal grammar:
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